麻豆淫院

In September 2017, Hurricane Maria ripped through the Caribbean, devastating the small island nation of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles, between Guadeloupe and Martinique. Universit茅 de Montr茅al professor Patrick Cloos saw the destruction first-hand when he traveled to Dominica with Doctors Without Borders after the disaster.

"I started writing my proposal for a as soon as I got back to Montreal," said Cloos, a professor in UdeM's School of Social Work and the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine in the School of Public Health. "I wanted to understand the impacts of climate change on small Caribbean island nations like Dominica."

In particular, Cloos looked at how the two climate disasters, Hurricane Maria and, two years earlier, Tropical Storm Erika, impacted the health of Dominicans. Working with Dominica's Ministry of Health, Cloos and his research team interviewed displaced people and held focus groups with primary health care professionals across the island's seven health districts.

"We wanted to hear their perspectives on underlying vulnerabilities and adaptation measures to climate change," Cloos said. The study's findings, one of several scientific reports generated by the project, were in April in the journal PLOS Climate.

Massive devastation and displacement

Like Tropical Storm Erika, Hurricane Maria was devastating. It completely or partially destroyed 90% of homes on Dominica, displacing more than 50,000 people鈥攎ore than two-thirds of the island's population of approximately 70,000. It also damaged more than 80% of the country's infrastructure and wiped out the agricultural sector, including all banana and tuber plantations. Thousands of residents left the island in search of better opportunities in neighboring countries such as Guadeloupe, Martinique and St. Lucia.

"There was a breakdown in social networks that affected not only quality of life, but also health care access," said Cloos. "As a result, the disasters impacted all dimensions of health, physical and mental."

Furthermore, the disruptions occurred against the backdrop of a public health system already under significant strain. "Dominican health professionals told us that even before the recent extreme climate events, there was a persistent shortage of human resources, equipment and medicines that even made it difficult for the primary health care system to control certain diseases," Cloos said.

Multiple factors drive vulnerability

The study found that a lack of resources, along with inadequate social and health policies, hindered families and communities in preparing for Tropical Storm Erika and Hurricane Maria, and in implementing measures that could have mitigated their negative effects.

"The study showed the need for more awareness initiatives in communities and schools鈥攊n particular, young people didn't have a clear understanding of climate change," noted Sarah Cooper, an UdeM doctoral candidate in public health (specializing in global health), who contributed to the study as a research assistant.

In addition, some risk-reduction initiatives already in place in Dominica lacked consistency and long-term impact due to insufficient funding and support to carry them out and maintain them over time.

"We have to bear in mind that institutions鈥攍ocal, regional, and international鈥攁lso contribute to creating climate risks and vulnerabilities," Cloos explained. "Inconsistency in decision-making, including the absence of decisions on climate change and broader environmental issues, increases the vulnerability of populations to the harmful consequences of these disasters."

The bigger picture

Although Caribbean island nations account for only a small fraction of global greenhouse gas emissions, they are disproportionately affected by climate change. This has prompted calls for the world's wealthiest nations to provide substantial financial support to help small island nations strengthen their adaptive capacity.

"We can't make it the responsibility of these small island states, when the world's richest countries have historically been the largest emitters of greenhouse gases," Cloos said.

The researchers hope the project's recommendations will be acted upon by the relevant authorities. They have submitted a policy brief to Dominica's Ministry of Health and are working to build partnerships with other Caribbean island nations.

"We also have to continue raising awareness among policymakers of the links between climate change and health, and ensure that public health partners are included in conversations about climate change," said Cloos.